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Rana Regime

Rana Regime

    Several decades after Prithvi Narayan Shah were characterized by power politics of conspiracy. Taking advantage of very young kings, regents as well as countries indulged in conspiracies for power. Such political instability, regents as well as countries indulged in conspiracies for power. Such political instability paved way for the rise of Jung Bahadur, whose family had long been in contact with the place. As a clever youth, Jung Bahadur availed of the situations in the Kot Massacre. Immediately he was appointed Commander – In-Chief and then Prime minister. Thus, the event of mass killing marked the beginning of Rana autocracy that would govern Nepal for next 104 years. Two other similar episodes –Bhandarkhal Event and Alau Event contributed further to the rise of his power. He was also favoured strongly by the East India Company.

        Following Jung Bahadur, eight Rana Prime Ministers inherited the throne according to rules of succession. They exercised absolute power and made the Kings their puppet. Some Ranas even changed the rules in favour of their families. Ranoddip was killed and Dev Shumsher and Padma Shumsher were forcefully discharged for the purpose. With the exception of one or two, the Rana Prime ministers were very cruel, unjust and extravagant. They embezzled public property and lived in indecent luxury. With lifeblood support from the British East India Company and suppression of public freedom and strong control over education and outside influence, they tried to sustain their rule.

        Despite their despotic nature, Ranas also brought several reforms in the country. Social evils such as slavery and sati system were abolished. Agriculture got diversified and industrialization began to take a shape. However, most of their reforms might be either for gaining public support for their autocratic rule or for enlarging their luxury. Ranas also maintained intimate relations with some countries such as Britain and France. Peace and Security would not be violated at least by the ordinary citizens.

         Rana regime was founded at the cost of many innocent lives and it was doomed to collapse. Conspiracies and takeovers remained a commonplace. One would try to rise at the cost of others. From the very beginning ordinary people had developed hatred and distaste for the system through they could not bring it out until they got strong leadership. Finally the time came. The East India Company, the foundation of the Ranas collapsed. There was worldwide wave of political changes after World War II. Here in Nepal, an armed revolution was staged under the leadership of Nepali Congress Party which had its own liberation army. Many Nepalese, who had fought in the Indian Freedom Moment, come back and used their expertise in the agitation in Nepal. As it turned out, the national government of India supported the armed agitation. Meanwhile, the reigning king Tribhuwan abdicated the throne and was received in New Delhi, where a tripartite agreement was concluded between the king, the Ranas and the revolutionaries under an active mediation of the Indian government. Accordingly, a Rana-Congress coalition government was formed with the monarchy fully restored.

Importance of character

Importance of character

Character refers to the set of qualities, especially mind’s, that simply make a person, group of people, and places distinctive from others. Every action of a person is truly guided by his/her character. So a good character becomes a reputation and property. It is an essence of a virtuous human being. It is rightly said that character is the crown and glory of life.

          A good character makes a man respectful in the society.  He/ She can set ambitious goal in their life and make great achievements. There are many examples of this kind of people such as Florence Nightingale. She was committed to work for the diseased and injured people who were left uncared. She could establish nursing as a worthy and recognized profession. So she is always famous. Other people such as Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Madam Curie and Mother Teresa are so great because of their character. These people are counted not because of their money or anything else but for their character.

          A good character earns prestige, happiness, respect, satisfaction and internal peace. Hence we should always try to adopt qualities of great personality and follow their footsteps. Character can’t be achieved with money. If we have money but no character, we are respected by none. We will be none in the society. Character is not a commodity that can be bought or sold. It is the thing that we should build up in ourselves. Character building must be one of the primary purposes of education. Today’s education includes character education in its curriculum in one way or another. Pupils are instructed in the basic human values and morals.

          We should never lose our character. Instead we should enhance it. According to a Liberian educator E. W. Blyden, “if you are not yourself, if you surrender your personality, you have nothing left to give the world.” Thus, character should be maintained. It is the character that enables a person to live a worthy life and earn an immortal recognition. Finally our character compares with no financial gains. Money comes and goes but once character is lost, it is very hard to regain it. So character is much more important money.      

Student life

Student life

The time one spends as a student to get education from formal institutions like school and college is called student life. Though the process of learning continues throughout our life, student life is especially important because we are more goal-oriented in this period. Future of every student depends upon the education that they achieve during this period. It is a kind of preparation for future.

          Student life is a period of learning. Learning means much more than just preparing lessons and passing exams. In fact, most of the bases of future have been created through education gained in this period. Similarly, student life is a period of forming good character. A girl or a boy having good education can become a good person; useful not only for the family and society but also for the whole nation. If one does not make good use of this time, no doubt they will have to regret throughout their life.

          Different people choose their profession according to their education and skills. So, as a student one has to make good choice of subjects and faculty. Some like to become doctors, some teachers and so on. Whatever their goals be all students must utilize this time properly. In this time, people also acquire various life skills so that they can live a worthy life. They also learn important social virtues such as fellow felling, cooperation and tolerance. So, properly educated people can easily adjust in their society.

          Student life is a precious phase of life. So the main duty of a student is to study well. Otherwise they will have to suffer. Students should be disciplined and dutiful for an accomplishment. They should have respect for their sources of knowledge such as books and teachers. They should try to make best use of the available means and resources. Learning should be taken as fun not as a burden. The time in this period should also be spent joyfully. Games and sport are vital to refresh the body and mind. Students should try to be more and more inquisitive and creative. They should keep good company because their learning process and character can be highly influenced by the company they keep.     

City life

City life

When village develop, they change into cities. A city has got many facilities and services of the modern time. Houses are comfortable. Goods around the world are available. There are also opportunities of recreation and leisure activities. Playground, stadiums, cinemas as well as hotels and lodges are commonly found in a city. Living in cities is thus more comfortable then in villages.

         

          In cities there are many industries, offices and businesses. These offer many varieties of jobs that suit all kinds of people. Everything is found at cheaper price. Fresh food and fruits are sold in all seasons. Even unskilled people, for example, can earn by working as porters or cleaners. There are also wide varieties of banking services. Besides, the city dwellers get advanced but easy medical facilities from hospitals and clinics.

          A city also offers opportunities of career development. There are wide varieties of schools and colleges along with training centres. Libraries contribute additionally. Life in cities is an informed and updated one. One can enjoy good access to many sources of information such as radio, TV, newspaper and internet facilities. Because city population is highly mixed, there is broader social interaction. Generally city people represent the enlightened population of a country. They are better educated and informed.

          City life does have several disadvantages, too. Most cities are crowded and polluted. Houses are to tall and packed. Most structures are ugly concrete structures. Air often filled with toxic smoke and dust. It is difficult to get safe and enough drinking water. Food is often adulterated. Pollution, contaminated food and water bring many diseases which often turn epidemic.

          City life is full of rushes. Everyone must work hard to make a good living. Everything needs to be bought so there is the lowest degree of self-reliance. Almost everythings has been altered from their natural states. City life makes everyone selfish and materialistic. They ared hungry for luxuries and extravagance. Life is quite unstable. Cities are also common sites of violence, strikes and protests.

          A city may give physical comfort to its dwellers but it often fails to give them mental peace and spiritual satisfaction. Human beings move mechanically as machines do but they don’t feel secure. Danger of robbery, loots, pick pocketing,murder, kidnapping, etc. is permanent. There are greater risks of accidents, too. There is title sympathy and cooperation. One feels alienated even in the crowd. There is total dependence. So city life may be full of pressure and stress.

          Despite these drawbacks, city life is much more perferred to then village life. This is way villages are rapidly changing into cities. Cities are much more fertile for economic and intellectual growth of a personality. City life can be perfected through proper urban planning and regulation.    

                

Student and politics

Student and politics

“Man is by nature a political animal” said one of the greatest  classical thinkers, Aristotle. Students, who will have to lead the country tomorrow, cannot keep themselves aloof today from the current political affairs of their country and abroad. Politics affects every affair of a certain country. So as they are learning, students should also be well-acquainted, to an extent, with ideological principles and practices.

Politics affects every aspect of a personal life, too. Every great person has to go through the student life. Those who are students today will grow into statesman tomorrow. They will have to take responsibility of leading the country to the summit of progress and prosperity. Thus the future of the nation highly depends on the students and their performance.

Because it is important for students to gain knowledge about political theories and practices, political education has been integrated in curriculum. Subjects such as political Science, Social Studies, History and civics aim at providing such knowledge and bringing about awareness. In many ways, topics about politics are included in school and university curriculums. The purpose is to make students well-acquainted with politics. The existence of students unions affiliated to definite political parties is recognized in colleges of nepal. These elected unions are expected to raise voice, from public opinions, make dealings, etc. for the general welfare of the students.

In most political movements of our historys students have kept themselves in the forntlines. Success of democracy depends upon the level of politices awareness in general public. When compared with ordinary citizens, students are found to be more informed and enlightened. More informed citizenry can promote good governance. So their role is vital in the success of electoral process, constitutional reformations and execution of laws. They can help from a public opinion-actually a sound public opinion.

But students should not use their precious time in political activities only. Often political parties tend to use students as their tools to rise to power. They are used in demonstrations and fighting. So students should get away from these dangers. The primary job of students is to attend classes, prepare lessons, build up character and conduct as cultured by the power of knowledge. They should raise voice against the political follies and pitfalls. They should not hesitate even to criticize the psrties they are affiliated to when need be. In other words they shouldn’t be blind supporters of any party. But students should never indulge in voilent movements. They should adopt a peaceful means for giving due pressure to parties government or other authorities.       

Dashain

Dashain

Dashain  is the greatest festival of Nepal Hindus. Like other festivals, it is also based on the lunar clendar and falls in the months of Aswin or Kartik. Dashain is observed for 15 days from the new moon day (Ghatasthapana) to the full moon day (Kojagrat Purnima). It is a festival of great delight, enthusiasm and rapture.

The time of Dashain is very fine. The weather is fair and mild. There is no more mud or dust. Farmers are getting relief from their tiring season of plantations and weddings. Schools, colleges, factories and offices remain close. Fair and pleasant weather, ripening and rustling crops, busy roads and paths, crowded shops, speedy renovations and cleanliness of roads, temples, taps, etc., and decorations all indicate the arrival of the greatest festival.

Dashain celebrates the inevitable victory of virtune over vice, of truth over untruth and of justice over injustice. The goddess Durga known as the goddess of victory is worshipped with great devotion, during the first nine days called Nawa Durga. People swarm to the well-maintained temples of the Goddess Durga. They make sacrifices of goats, buffalos, etc. The Chandi, a story of victory achieved by deities over devils in Satya Yugy, is recited for sacredness and sanctity. It is believed that in Treta Yuga, Lord Rama had secured victory after performing puga to Goddess Durga. The tenth day known as Vijayadashami is the main day of the vacation festival. On this day, people receive red tika, jamara and blessings from their seniors. Rato tika is the symbol of both fortune and victory in Hindu culture.

Dashain is also the time of family gatherings and feasts people forget their differences and misunderstandings and visit their relatives. Those away from their home or country return during the time people wear new clothes, eat sels, beaten rice, meat chocolates and spice. For very poor people it is the rare occasion of good and delicious food. Traditional swing such as the bamboo supported Linge pings are very popular. Nepali lifestyle is highly reflected by this festival. Malshree songs are played. Media such as radio, TV and Newspaper broadcast or publish wishes and greetings both their own and the sponsored ones. There is gun firing accompanied by flower showering at Tundikhel in Kathmandu. It’s tradition for commoners to receive tika from the state head of the country.

Many people celebrate the festival with grate pomp and shows. Celebration are often extravagant. Widespread drinking and gambling often lead to quarrels and fights. For poor people Dashain is rather a curse it is very difficult for them to afford for the traditional celebrations. Many are left bankrupt due to their extravagance. The sacrifices offered to the goddess is very terrific people fall victim to indigestion , food poisoning and accidents. Before Dashain there are a lot of crimes such as pick pocketing, robbery, and loots. Market price often tend to rise before and on the eve of the festival. Such evil aspects of Dashain need to be curbed or discarded.     

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Popular Movement II

Popular Movement II

          Even after the restoration of democracy made in BS 2046 political instability prevailed in Nepal. To some parties Popular Movement I had not achieved a true success. According to them, the tripartite agreement between the King, the Nepali Congress and the United Leftist Front was a mere deception to the true spirit of democrats and nationalists. The constitution of BS 2047 vested important powers to the ‘constitutional’ monarch. This would make the king’s role more active. Even majority governments did not function to the full terms due to intra-party conflicts. Deep-rooted poverty, corruption, lawlessness, unemployment and exclusions gave rise to violent Maoist revolt in BS 2052.

          In BS 2058 the reigning king Birendra was killed along with his queen, children including the crown prince Dipendra and several other family members in a palace massacre. Then Gyanendra, the dead king’s second brother, was crowned amidst the countrywide grief and hesitations. Growing unrest, intra-party conflicts and failures of the cabinet led to the dismissal of the elected Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba in mid BS 2059. After many tests, eventually the King took over the absolute power in BS 2061.

          Following the dismissal of Sher Bahadur Deuba, most political parties rose against the kingship. But their protest could not be substantial due to lack of mutual trust and unity among them. After the king’s takeover, the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Maoists came together for fighting for democracy. Both the parties were convinced that the executive power could not be regained without their combined efforts. Thus they signed 12-point Agreement in New Delhi on 7 Mangsir 2062 as a document of their historic consensus.

          Together they launched the People’s Movement on Chaitra 2062. Maoist involvement in the peaceful movement astonishing as well as pivotal. The movement was get popular and widespread despite brutal response of the army police. Streets of Kathmandu and other major cities of country were flooded with processions and meetings. P’ participation was even the more in the history of Nepal. People from all walks of life expressed solidarity to the movement took to the streets. About 20 demonstrators got martyrdom. Baishakh 8, 2063 the king gave speech through radio and television and declared that he had ‘handed over the property of  people to the people themselves’. This still could not pacify demonstrators. They further intensified the agitation. Finally the nineteenth day of the movement, the King fully yielded to agitators. Through another address to the nation, he re the dissolved Hous of Representatives and gave up his execu power formerly taken highhandedly. Following it, there victory celebrations throughout the nation. Immediately Maoists declared a 3-month unilateral ceasefire. commander of the movement Girija Prasad Koirala appointed the Prime Minister on Baishakh 14. The following the reinstated House held its first session and passed resolution for holding constituent assembly elections andta necessary steps for the same. Later on Jyeshtha 4, the 1 adopted a historic declaration with decisions such as curt the King’s power and declaring Nepal a secular state.

Popular Movement I

Popular Movement I

          Panchayat system was unconstitutionally established by King Mahendra in BS 2017 against the wish of the general public and democratic parties of the country. It was a non-party system in which the monarch exercised absolute power with active suppression of public freedom. So its opposition started from its very inception. Parties, though underground, started making efforts to restore multiparty system in the country. In BS 2028 a communist faction attempted a violent revolt called Jhapa Revolt against the system in the eastern ‘Nepal. Some leaders caught were brutally killed in the Sukhani of Illam. In BS 2036, mounting student agitation forced the reigning King Birendra to declare national referendum for the two choices- ‘reformed’ non-party system and multiparty system. The following year there was polling in which even the democratic parties enthusiastically took part in their hope to get victory. As  it turned out, the result was ‘manipulated in favour of the  existing system’.

            After the referendum, the democratic parties of were better consolidated. Eight communist parties formed an alliance called the United Leftist Front (ULF) under the leadership of Sahana Pradhan. Five other communist parties were united into United National Popular Movement Committee by Tulsilal Amatya. The Nepali Congress was ever committed against the system. It held a national conference at the premises of the party leader Ganeshman  Singh from 5-7 Magh 2046. The meeting was keenly participated by the leaders of other parties in the country as well as those from India. The conference passed a resolution to start a mass movement from the following national democracy day i.e. Falgun 7. In the meantime, India refused to renew the traditional trade and transit treaty with Nepal. All the transit points except two were closed.

            Accordingly protests in defiance of the government started on the democracy day. Processions from different streets came out to the city centre in Kathmandu. There were instant clashes between the police and the demonstrators. The police resorted to violent suppression. Still greater nationwide demonstrations followed the next 49 days. The movement was worthily peaceful and included agitations such as general strikes, black outs and sit-ins. The anti-Panchayat movement was joined overwhelmingly by all kinds of people - students, women, workers, professionals, journalists, etc. They did not yield to any omissions and commissions, cabinet reshuffles and commitments of the’ Panchas. About 100 demonstrators sacrificed their precious life to the inhumane response of the police.

            Realizing that the situation had turned uncontrollable, King Birendra summoned an all-party meeting on Chaitra 26. The meeting attended by veteran leaders such as Girija Prasad Koirala, Krish’na Prasad Bhattarai, Sahana Pradhan and Radha Krishna Mainali unanimously reiterated the demand for multiparty democracy. At about mid-night the king gave a radio address declaring that the ban on the political parties had been lifted. Following the royal declaration, there were victory celebrations across the nation. The caretaker Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned from his post. By and by all the Panchayati mechanisms were dissolved. A Nepali Congress leader KP Bhattarai was appointed Prime Minister with two major responsibilities: drafting a democratic constitution and holding general elections that were fulfilled in stipulated time.

Patriotism

Patriotism

          Patriotism means a profound love of people to the nationality. It can also be explained as their devotion, I and reverence to the nation. It is a prime duty of a good to be loyal to his/her own country and do good for the same. Patriot has at the very least a sense of pride in his/her nation wishes for its good. One who serves his/her nation thoughts, words and deeds is always remembered and honored while one who betrays it is always reprimanded.

          Patriotism is not only a feeling but also a practice. It can be manifested in different forms and for different purposes. The very essence, a patriot strives to protect the national independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of his/her nation. A Sanskrit saying runs - ‘mother and motherland dearer than heaven.’ A patriot lives and dies for the nation Instead of being fascinated by attractive jobs abroad, he/she tries to find some useful job at home. Even outside, he/she is always attached to his/her nation. When required, he/she doe hesitate to sacrifice his/her life in defense of the nation nationalism.

          A patriot doesn’t run away or yield to foreign I power. But patriotism is not only the love for geography. It is also a service offered for the good of the nation. A patriot tries  to contribute in all possible ways to heighten the glory greatness of the nation. He/she knows the value of the of the nation's natural and cultural resources and contributes to their proper utilization and conservation. For a nationalist, personal gain lesser value. In crises, he/she works more actively to face the problems in order to revive the self-esteem.

          In addition, patriotism is also an attempt to be independent and self-reliant. A patriot doesn’t allow any outside interference. He/she is adherent to the constitution and other laws of the state. Patriotism makes people respectful to the rulers and tolerant to their fellow men. They contribute to mutual understanding, peace and unity of the nation. They always feel grateful and indebted to the nation. They never abuse power and never neglect duties.

          But a true patriot doesn’t embrace his/her country as it is. He/she opts for necessary reformations and changes. They fight against existing socio-cultural evils. Democratic achievements are very dear to them. They are always in favour of truth and justice. They raise voice against injustice and untruth. They are devoted for the defense of the country’s ideals.

          We know that fanatical nationalism engulfing several European nations brought them misery and shame in the 20th century. This means blind faith upon one’s country may be destructive. So a true patriot shows due respect to others’ nations, too. He/she protects the tradition, culture, norms and values but is ready to avoid their superstitious and evil traits. They would die for the nation, but would not let the nation die or them. Patriotism must come sacredly from the core of the heart and should not be guided by any selfishness.

Prithvi Narayan Shah

Prithvi Narayan Shah

          Prithvi Narayan Shah was born to King Narbhupal Sha of Gorkha and his second queen Kaushalyawati on 27 Paush 1779. He received education from his caretaker mot Chandrapraväwati. It was because of her lessons that he kept himself aloof from royal luxuries. He believed that a kin indulged in luxury ruins his nation. Prithvi Narayan Shal married Makawanpur princess Indra Kumari and Kashi princes Narendra Laxmi. He ascended the throne at the age of 20.

          King Prithi Narayan Shah was a man of lofty aims. Grew a great ambition to annex the scattered kingdoms of Nepal into his kingdom. He was more fascinated by the three states the then Nepal valley. He was aware of the fact that sovereignty of the tiny states was at stake because of the ever-expanding empires in the south and north.

          But it was not an easy task for him to unify all the scattered kingdoms some of which were more powerful than his own. As soon as he became king, he started strengthening his military force. He encouraged youths from various castes to his army. He gave them good training and collected arms and weapons some of which were received from his in-law-state. Benares (Kashi). He also appealed his subjects to contribute cash and kind and they responded heartily.

          The period between 1801 and 1831 BS is a period Prithvi Narayan Shah’s invasions and conquests. The first conquest was achieved at Nuwakot, one of the two main gateways to the valley. He put the valley into an into blockade when he captured Makawanpur in 1819 ES. By %  1826 ES, he captured the valley completely. Before he died in 1831 BS, he had expanded the territory of Nepal up to the Mechi River in the east, Tibet in the north and Bihar in the south. The victory campaign was further continued by his successors.

          All activities throughout Prithvi Narayan’s life were directed towards his unification campaign. He was never disheartened at his defeat; instead, he learnt lessons from them. He was a far-signed diplomat and tried to maintain diplomatic relations with other powerful states. He was far-sighted and could take right decisions at right times. He boosted the morale of his soldiers by commanding many of his unification operations by himself. It was a key to his success. Prithvi Narayan Shah gave good positions to the learned people and utilized their advice. He wanted to rule according to public wish.

          Prithvi Narayan Shah gave us a unified stronger Nepal. The modern era of Nepalese history begins with the rise of this great king. He can be portrayed as a successful warrior and an able administrator. He is compared with great conquerors of the world such as Alexander the Great. He also brought several reforms. His teachings known as divine counsels are valuable guidelines for our administrators. His contributions to the nations should not be undermined just because they also satisfied his personal wishes.