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Rana Regime

Rana Regime

    Several decades after Prithvi Narayan Shah were characterized by power politics of conspiracy. Taking advantage of very young kings, regents as well as countries indulged in conspiracies for power. Such political instability, regents as well as countries indulged in conspiracies for power. Such political instability paved way for the rise of Jung Bahadur, whose family had long been in contact with the place. As a clever youth, Jung Bahadur availed of the situations in the Kot Massacre. Immediately he was appointed Commander – In-Chief and then Prime minister. Thus, the event of mass killing marked the beginning of Rana autocracy that would govern Nepal for next 104 years. Two other similar episodes –Bhandarkhal Event and Alau Event contributed further to the rise of his power. He was also favoured strongly by the East India Company.

        Following Jung Bahadur, eight Rana Prime Ministers inherited the throne according to rules of succession. They exercised absolute power and made the Kings their puppet. Some Ranas even changed the rules in favour of their families. Ranoddip was killed and Dev Shumsher and Padma Shumsher were forcefully discharged for the purpose. With the exception of one or two, the Rana Prime ministers were very cruel, unjust and extravagant. They embezzled public property and lived in indecent luxury. With lifeblood support from the British East India Company and suppression of public freedom and strong control over education and outside influence, they tried to sustain their rule.

        Despite their despotic nature, Ranas also brought several reforms in the country. Social evils such as slavery and sati system were abolished. Agriculture got diversified and industrialization began to take a shape. However, most of their reforms might be either for gaining public support for their autocratic rule or for enlarging their luxury. Ranas also maintained intimate relations with some countries such as Britain and France. Peace and Security would not be violated at least by the ordinary citizens.

         Rana regime was founded at the cost of many innocent lives and it was doomed to collapse. Conspiracies and takeovers remained a commonplace. One would try to rise at the cost of others. From the very beginning ordinary people had developed hatred and distaste for the system through they could not bring it out until they got strong leadership. Finally the time came. The East India Company, the foundation of the Ranas collapsed. There was worldwide wave of political changes after World War II. Here in Nepal, an armed revolution was staged under the leadership of Nepali Congress Party which had its own liberation army. Many Nepalese, who had fought in the Indian Freedom Moment, come back and used their expertise in the agitation in Nepal. As it turned out, the national government of India supported the armed agitation. Meanwhile, the reigning king Tribhuwan abdicated the throne and was received in New Delhi, where a tripartite agreement was concluded between the king, the Ranas and the revolutionaries under an active mediation of the Indian government. Accordingly, a Rana-Congress coalition government was formed with the monarchy fully restored.

Importance of character

Importance of character

Character refers to the set of qualities, especially mind’s, that simply make a person, group of people, and places distinctive from others. Every action of a person is truly guided by his/her character. So a good character becomes a reputation and property. It is an essence of a virtuous human being. It is rightly said that character is the crown and glory of life.

          A good character makes a man respectful in the society.  He/ She can set ambitious goal in their life and make great achievements. There are many examples of this kind of people such as Florence Nightingale. She was committed to work for the diseased and injured people who were left uncared. She could establish nursing as a worthy and recognized profession. So she is always famous. Other people such as Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Madam Curie and Mother Teresa are so great because of their character. These people are counted not because of their money or anything else but for their character.

          A good character earns prestige, happiness, respect, satisfaction and internal peace. Hence we should always try to adopt qualities of great personality and follow their footsteps. Character can’t be achieved with money. If we have money but no character, we are respected by none. We will be none in the society. Character is not a commodity that can be bought or sold. It is the thing that we should build up in ourselves. Character building must be one of the primary purposes of education. Today’s education includes character education in its curriculum in one way or another. Pupils are instructed in the basic human values and morals.

          We should never lose our character. Instead we should enhance it. According to a Liberian educator E. W. Blyden, “if you are not yourself, if you surrender your personality, you have nothing left to give the world.” Thus, character should be maintained. It is the character that enables a person to live a worthy life and earn an immortal recognition. Finally our character compares with no financial gains. Money comes and goes but once character is lost, it is very hard to regain it. So character is much more important money.      

Student life

Student life

The time one spends as a student to get education from formal institutions like school and college is called student life. Though the process of learning continues throughout our life, student life is especially important because we are more goal-oriented in this period. Future of every student depends upon the education that they achieve during this period. It is a kind of preparation for future.

          Student life is a period of learning. Learning means much more than just preparing lessons and passing exams. In fact, most of the bases of future have been created through education gained in this period. Similarly, student life is a period of forming good character. A girl or a boy having good education can become a good person; useful not only for the family and society but also for the whole nation. If one does not make good use of this time, no doubt they will have to regret throughout their life.

          Different people choose their profession according to their education and skills. So, as a student one has to make good choice of subjects and faculty. Some like to become doctors, some teachers and so on. Whatever their goals be all students must utilize this time properly. In this time, people also acquire various life skills so that they can live a worthy life. They also learn important social virtues such as fellow felling, cooperation and tolerance. So, properly educated people can easily adjust in their society.

          Student life is a precious phase of life. So the main duty of a student is to study well. Otherwise they will have to suffer. Students should be disciplined and dutiful for an accomplishment. They should have respect for their sources of knowledge such as books and teachers. They should try to make best use of the available means and resources. Learning should be taken as fun not as a burden. The time in this period should also be spent joyfully. Games and sport are vital to refresh the body and mind. Students should try to be more and more inquisitive and creative. They should keep good company because their learning process and character can be highly influenced by the company they keep.     

City life

City life

When village develop, they change into cities. A city has got many facilities and services of the modern time. Houses are comfortable. Goods around the world are available. There are also opportunities of recreation and leisure activities. Playground, stadiums, cinemas as well as hotels and lodges are commonly found in a city. Living in cities is thus more comfortable then in villages.

         

          In cities there are many industries, offices and businesses. These offer many varieties of jobs that suit all kinds of people. Everything is found at cheaper price. Fresh food and fruits are sold in all seasons. Even unskilled people, for example, can earn by working as porters or cleaners. There are also wide varieties of banking services. Besides, the city dwellers get advanced but easy medical facilities from hospitals and clinics.

          A city also offers opportunities of career development. There are wide varieties of schools and colleges along with training centres. Libraries contribute additionally. Life in cities is an informed and updated one. One can enjoy good access to many sources of information such as radio, TV, newspaper and internet facilities. Because city population is highly mixed, there is broader social interaction. Generally city people represent the enlightened population of a country. They are better educated and informed.

          City life does have several disadvantages, too. Most cities are crowded and polluted. Houses are to tall and packed. Most structures are ugly concrete structures. Air often filled with toxic smoke and dust. It is difficult to get safe and enough drinking water. Food is often adulterated. Pollution, contaminated food and water bring many diseases which often turn epidemic.

          City life is full of rushes. Everyone must work hard to make a good living. Everything needs to be bought so there is the lowest degree of self-reliance. Almost everythings has been altered from their natural states. City life makes everyone selfish and materialistic. They ared hungry for luxuries and extravagance. Life is quite unstable. Cities are also common sites of violence, strikes and protests.

          A city may give physical comfort to its dwellers but it often fails to give them mental peace and spiritual satisfaction. Human beings move mechanically as machines do but they don’t feel secure. Danger of robbery, loots, pick pocketing,murder, kidnapping, etc. is permanent. There are greater risks of accidents, too. There is title sympathy and cooperation. One feels alienated even in the crowd. There is total dependence. So city life may be full of pressure and stress.

          Despite these drawbacks, city life is much more perferred to then village life. This is way villages are rapidly changing into cities. Cities are much more fertile for economic and intellectual growth of a personality. City life can be perfected through proper urban planning and regulation.    

                

Student and politics

Student and politics

“Man is by nature a political animal” said one of the greatest  classical thinkers, Aristotle. Students, who will have to lead the country tomorrow, cannot keep themselves aloof today from the current political affairs of their country and abroad. Politics affects every affair of a certain country. So as they are learning, students should also be well-acquainted, to an extent, with ideological principles and practices.

Politics affects every aspect of a personal life, too. Every great person has to go through the student life. Those who are students today will grow into statesman tomorrow. They will have to take responsibility of leading the country to the summit of progress and prosperity. Thus the future of the nation highly depends on the students and their performance.

Because it is important for students to gain knowledge about political theories and practices, political education has been integrated in curriculum. Subjects such as political Science, Social Studies, History and civics aim at providing such knowledge and bringing about awareness. In many ways, topics about politics are included in school and university curriculums. The purpose is to make students well-acquainted with politics. The existence of students unions affiliated to definite political parties is recognized in colleges of nepal. These elected unions are expected to raise voice, from public opinions, make dealings, etc. for the general welfare of the students.

In most political movements of our historys students have kept themselves in the forntlines. Success of democracy depends upon the level of politices awareness in general public. When compared with ordinary citizens, students are found to be more informed and enlightened. More informed citizenry can promote good governance. So their role is vital in the success of electoral process, constitutional reformations and execution of laws. They can help from a public opinion-actually a sound public opinion.

But students should not use their precious time in political activities only. Often political parties tend to use students as their tools to rise to power. They are used in demonstrations and fighting. So students should get away from these dangers. The primary job of students is to attend classes, prepare lessons, build up character and conduct as cultured by the power of knowledge. They should raise voice against the political follies and pitfalls. They should not hesitate even to criticize the psrties they are affiliated to when need be. In other words they shouldn’t be blind supporters of any party. But students should never indulge in voilent movements. They should adopt a peaceful means for giving due pressure to parties government or other authorities.       

Dashain

Dashain

Dashain  is the greatest festival of Nepal Hindus. Like other festivals, it is also based on the lunar clendar and falls in the months of Aswin or Kartik. Dashain is observed for 15 days from the new moon day (Ghatasthapana) to the full moon day (Kojagrat Purnima). It is a festival of great delight, enthusiasm and rapture.

The time of Dashain is very fine. The weather is fair and mild. There is no more mud or dust. Farmers are getting relief from their tiring season of plantations and weddings. Schools, colleges, factories and offices remain close. Fair and pleasant weather, ripening and rustling crops, busy roads and paths, crowded shops, speedy renovations and cleanliness of roads, temples, taps, etc., and decorations all indicate the arrival of the greatest festival.

Dashain celebrates the inevitable victory of virtune over vice, of truth over untruth and of justice over injustice. The goddess Durga known as the goddess of victory is worshipped with great devotion, during the first nine days called Nawa Durga. People swarm to the well-maintained temples of the Goddess Durga. They make sacrifices of goats, buffalos, etc. The Chandi, a story of victory achieved by deities over devils in Satya Yugy, is recited for sacredness and sanctity. It is believed that in Treta Yuga, Lord Rama had secured victory after performing puga to Goddess Durga. The tenth day known as Vijayadashami is the main day of the vacation festival. On this day, people receive red tika, jamara and blessings from their seniors. Rato tika is the symbol of both fortune and victory in Hindu culture.

Dashain is also the time of family gatherings and feasts people forget their differences and misunderstandings and visit their relatives. Those away from their home or country return during the time people wear new clothes, eat sels, beaten rice, meat chocolates and spice. For very poor people it is the rare occasion of good and delicious food. Traditional swing such as the bamboo supported Linge pings are very popular. Nepali lifestyle is highly reflected by this festival. Malshree songs are played. Media such as radio, TV and Newspaper broadcast or publish wishes and greetings both their own and the sponsored ones. There is gun firing accompanied by flower showering at Tundikhel in Kathmandu. It’s tradition for commoners to receive tika from the state head of the country.

Many people celebrate the festival with grate pomp and shows. Celebration are often extravagant. Widespread drinking and gambling often lead to quarrels and fights. For poor people Dashain is rather a curse it is very difficult for them to afford for the traditional celebrations. Many are left bankrupt due to their extravagance. The sacrifices offered to the goddess is very terrific people fall victim to indigestion , food poisoning and accidents. Before Dashain there are a lot of crimes such as pick pocketing, robbery, and loots. Market price often tend to rise before and on the eve of the festival. Such evil aspects of Dashain need to be curbed or discarded.     

Car

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Popular Movement II

Popular Movement II

          Even after the restoration of democracy made in BS 2046 political instability prevailed in Nepal. To some parties Popular Movement I had not achieved a true success. According to them, the tripartite agreement between the King, the Nepali Congress and the United Leftist Front was a mere deception to the true spirit of democrats and nationalists. The constitution of BS 2047 vested important powers to the ‘constitutional’ monarch. This would make the king’s role more active. Even majority governments did not function to the full terms due to intra-party conflicts. Deep-rooted poverty, corruption, lawlessness, unemployment and exclusions gave rise to violent Maoist revolt in BS 2052.

          In BS 2058 the reigning king Birendra was killed along with his queen, children including the crown prince Dipendra and several other family members in a palace massacre. Then Gyanendra, the dead king’s second brother, was crowned amidst the countrywide grief and hesitations. Growing unrest, intra-party conflicts and failures of the cabinet led to the dismissal of the elected Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba in mid BS 2059. After many tests, eventually the King took over the absolute power in BS 2061.

          Following the dismissal of Sher Bahadur Deuba, most political parties rose against the kingship. But their protest could not be substantial due to lack of mutual trust and unity among them. After the king’s takeover, the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Maoists came together for fighting for democracy. Both the parties were convinced that the executive power could not be regained without their combined efforts. Thus they signed 12-point Agreement in New Delhi on 7 Mangsir 2062 as a document of their historic consensus.

          Together they launched the People’s Movement on Chaitra 2062. Maoist involvement in the peaceful movement astonishing as well as pivotal. The movement was get popular and widespread despite brutal response of the army police. Streets of Kathmandu and other major cities of country were flooded with processions and meetings. P’ participation was even the more in the history of Nepal. People from all walks of life expressed solidarity to the movement took to the streets. About 20 demonstrators got martyrdom. Baishakh 8, 2063 the king gave speech through radio and television and declared that he had ‘handed over the property of  people to the people themselves’. This still could not pacify demonstrators. They further intensified the agitation. Finally the nineteenth day of the movement, the King fully yielded to agitators. Through another address to the nation, he re the dissolved Hous of Representatives and gave up his execu power formerly taken highhandedly. Following it, there victory celebrations throughout the nation. Immediately Maoists declared a 3-month unilateral ceasefire. commander of the movement Girija Prasad Koirala appointed the Prime Minister on Baishakh 14. The following the reinstated House held its first session and passed resolution for holding constituent assembly elections andta necessary steps for the same. Later on Jyeshtha 4, the 1 adopted a historic declaration with decisions such as curt the King’s power and declaring Nepal a secular state.

Popular Movement I

Popular Movement I

          Panchayat system was unconstitutionally established by King Mahendra in BS 2017 against the wish of the general public and democratic parties of the country. It was a non-party system in which the monarch exercised absolute power with active suppression of public freedom. So its opposition started from its very inception. Parties, though underground, started making efforts to restore multiparty system in the country. In BS 2028 a communist faction attempted a violent revolt called Jhapa Revolt against the system in the eastern ‘Nepal. Some leaders caught were brutally killed in the Sukhani of Illam. In BS 2036, mounting student agitation forced the reigning King Birendra to declare national referendum for the two choices- ‘reformed’ non-party system and multiparty system. The following year there was polling in which even the democratic parties enthusiastically took part in their hope to get victory. As  it turned out, the result was ‘manipulated in favour of the  existing system’.

            After the referendum, the democratic parties of were better consolidated. Eight communist parties formed an alliance called the United Leftist Front (ULF) under the leadership of Sahana Pradhan. Five other communist parties were united into United National Popular Movement Committee by Tulsilal Amatya. The Nepali Congress was ever committed against the system. It held a national conference at the premises of the party leader Ganeshman  Singh from 5-7 Magh 2046. The meeting was keenly participated by the leaders of other parties in the country as well as those from India. The conference passed a resolution to start a mass movement from the following national democracy day i.e. Falgun 7. In the meantime, India refused to renew the traditional trade and transit treaty with Nepal. All the transit points except two were closed.

            Accordingly protests in defiance of the government started on the democracy day. Processions from different streets came out to the city centre in Kathmandu. There were instant clashes between the police and the demonstrators. The police resorted to violent suppression. Still greater nationwide demonstrations followed the next 49 days. The movement was worthily peaceful and included agitations such as general strikes, black outs and sit-ins. The anti-Panchayat movement was joined overwhelmingly by all kinds of people - students, women, workers, professionals, journalists, etc. They did not yield to any omissions and commissions, cabinet reshuffles and commitments of the’ Panchas. About 100 demonstrators sacrificed their precious life to the inhumane response of the police.

            Realizing that the situation had turned uncontrollable, King Birendra summoned an all-party meeting on Chaitra 26. The meeting attended by veteran leaders such as Girija Prasad Koirala, Krish’na Prasad Bhattarai, Sahana Pradhan and Radha Krishna Mainali unanimously reiterated the demand for multiparty democracy. At about mid-night the king gave a radio address declaring that the ban on the political parties had been lifted. Following the royal declaration, there were victory celebrations across the nation. The caretaker Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned from his post. By and by all the Panchayati mechanisms were dissolved. A Nepali Congress leader KP Bhattarai was appointed Prime Minister with two major responsibilities: drafting a democratic constitution and holding general elections that were fulfilled in stipulated time.

Patriotism

Patriotism

          Patriotism means a profound love of people to the nationality. It can also be explained as their devotion, I and reverence to the nation. It is a prime duty of a good to be loyal to his/her own country and do good for the same. Patriot has at the very least a sense of pride in his/her nation wishes for its good. One who serves his/her nation thoughts, words and deeds is always remembered and honored while one who betrays it is always reprimanded.

          Patriotism is not only a feeling but also a practice. It can be manifested in different forms and for different purposes. The very essence, a patriot strives to protect the national independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of his/her nation. A Sanskrit saying runs - ‘mother and motherland dearer than heaven.’ A patriot lives and dies for the nation Instead of being fascinated by attractive jobs abroad, he/she tries to find some useful job at home. Even outside, he/she is always attached to his/her nation. When required, he/she doe hesitate to sacrifice his/her life in defense of the nation nationalism.

          A patriot doesn’t run away or yield to foreign I power. But patriotism is not only the love for geography. It is also a service offered for the good of the nation. A patriot tries  to contribute in all possible ways to heighten the glory greatness of the nation. He/she knows the value of the of the nation's natural and cultural resources and contributes to their proper utilization and conservation. For a nationalist, personal gain lesser value. In crises, he/she works more actively to face the problems in order to revive the self-esteem.

          In addition, patriotism is also an attempt to be independent and self-reliant. A patriot doesn’t allow any outside interference. He/she is adherent to the constitution and other laws of the state. Patriotism makes people respectful to the rulers and tolerant to their fellow men. They contribute to mutual understanding, peace and unity of the nation. They always feel grateful and indebted to the nation. They never abuse power and never neglect duties.

          But a true patriot doesn’t embrace his/her country as it is. He/she opts for necessary reformations and changes. They fight against existing socio-cultural evils. Democratic achievements are very dear to them. They are always in favour of truth and justice. They raise voice against injustice and untruth. They are devoted for the defense of the country’s ideals.

          We know that fanatical nationalism engulfing several European nations brought them misery and shame in the 20th century. This means blind faith upon one’s country may be destructive. So a true patriot shows due respect to others’ nations, too. He/she protects the tradition, culture, norms and values but is ready to avoid their superstitious and evil traits. They would die for the nation, but would not let the nation die or them. Patriotism must come sacredly from the core of the heart and should not be guided by any selfishness.

Prithvi Narayan Shah

Prithvi Narayan Shah

          Prithvi Narayan Shah was born to King Narbhupal Sha of Gorkha and his second queen Kaushalyawati on 27 Paush 1779. He received education from his caretaker mot Chandrapraväwati. It was because of her lessons that he kept himself aloof from royal luxuries. He believed that a kin indulged in luxury ruins his nation. Prithvi Narayan Shal married Makawanpur princess Indra Kumari and Kashi princes Narendra Laxmi. He ascended the throne at the age of 20.

          King Prithi Narayan Shah was a man of lofty aims. Grew a great ambition to annex the scattered kingdoms of Nepal into his kingdom. He was more fascinated by the three states the then Nepal valley. He was aware of the fact that sovereignty of the tiny states was at stake because of the ever-expanding empires in the south and north.

          But it was not an easy task for him to unify all the scattered kingdoms some of which were more powerful than his own. As soon as he became king, he started strengthening his military force. He encouraged youths from various castes to his army. He gave them good training and collected arms and weapons some of which were received from his in-law-state. Benares (Kashi). He also appealed his subjects to contribute cash and kind and they responded heartily.

          The period between 1801 and 1831 BS is a period Prithvi Narayan Shah’s invasions and conquests. The first conquest was achieved at Nuwakot, one of the two main gateways to the valley. He put the valley into an into blockade when he captured Makawanpur in 1819 ES. By %  1826 ES, he captured the valley completely. Before he died in 1831 BS, he had expanded the territory of Nepal up to the Mechi River in the east, Tibet in the north and Bihar in the south. The victory campaign was further continued by his successors.

          All activities throughout Prithvi Narayan’s life were directed towards his unification campaign. He was never disheartened at his defeat; instead, he learnt lessons from them. He was a far-signed diplomat and tried to maintain diplomatic relations with other powerful states. He was far-sighted and could take right decisions at right times. He boosted the morale of his soldiers by commanding many of his unification operations by himself. It was a key to his success. Prithvi Narayan Shah gave good positions to the learned people and utilized their advice. He wanted to rule according to public wish.

          Prithvi Narayan Shah gave us a unified stronger Nepal. The modern era of Nepalese history begins with the rise of this great king. He can be portrayed as a successful warrior and an able administrator. He is compared with great conquerors of the world such as Alexander the Great. He also brought several reforms. His teachings known as divine counsels are valuable guidelines for our administrators. His contributions to the nations should not be undermined just because they also satisfied his personal wishes.

                            

Value of Time

Value of Time

          Time is always changing. It is all powerful. Even the natural phenomena have followed times. You may wonder how regular the heavenly bodies are in their movements. A tundra plant has to complete its life cycle before the short summer season of merely a month or two is over. Human life span is also so short. We have much to do before we expire. The success of human life also depends highly upon the regularity, punctuality and speed.

     There is best time for each of our daily activities such as working, eating and sleeping. Early riser enjoys fresh morning and gets enough time for the day but the late riser is troubled due to lack of time. Time comes but never waits. As a proverb goes - 'time and tide wait for no man'. We have to grab right time for right action. 'Hit the iron when it is hot'. Everything has right time to get it done. Our efforts go in vain if right time is lost. Fertilizers used in the ripening crops have no effect at all. A patient not taken to hospital in time loses his/her life. A flight may be missed just by a minute. But a timely arrival of fire fighter may protect a building from destruction.

     Time can be compared with a bullet fired which never returns. Time wasted can never be truly recovered. To realize the value of one second you can ask a person who has avoided an accident. An Olympic winner has really understood the value of one millisecond. so every moment of time is valuable. Work done late is sometimes no work done. Work done late is sometimes no work done. but 'a stitch in time saves nine'. Timely responses prevent further loss and even loss can be recovered completely if timely corrections are made.

     Learners have to utilize their time very wisely. They have to strictly follow the routine. They should be regular to their classes. They should never waste their study hours. 'idleness is devil's workshop.' They should utilize even  their recess time properly and usefully. Tomorrow never comes, when it comes it is already today. So it's  wrong to postpone our work. At the same time one must understand the gravity of time. The value of time is relative. it depends upon the situations and circumstances we are in. A day before an exam is priceless but the day after may not be so urgent and important. Similarly every minute in an exam hall is so valuable.

     Time management is important in all works of life. but we must also utilize enough time for a job. Hasty jobs often turn into failure. 'The faster method of getting something done is to do it only once'. A thought worker performs well and also saves time. To conclude anyone who makes right utilization of time is crowned with success while the one who wastes time fails and has only to repent.

Television

Television

          Television (TV) is one of the most marvelous marvelous of modern science and technology. It is an device that receives audio-visual signals to produce the s and sounds. Started in the first half of the 20th century, on has been developing a lot and now it is one of the most important means of communication as well as entertainment for of the people throughout the world. Cable, satellite and have really revolutionized the world of television.

       The most important feature of television is the audio-presentation of scenes or events. Television viewers enjoy unprecedented access to the world outside their own community heir own home. Television is the main source of information the events and situations of the world. It can present the I picture of the world. Even the development of wars and ion campaign can be broadcast live. There are different meals and programmes to fit the diverse tastes of the viewers. Vision allows its audiences to actively interpret meanings of programmes through discussions. It also brings innovative is of entertainment. Televisions present themselves as the jc watchdogs and help in forming popular wish. They are popular means of advertisements and notices.

       The other side is rather unpromising. Televisions may to present the reality of the world simply because they have limitation on. how much they can cover. Complex problems may L simplified or distorted due to editing and presentation technique. Television represses the creativity of the viewers because it doesn’t permit their active participation. Television has discouraged people from searching for knowledge and understanding because it provides them easy and less entertainment. Television also makes people lazier and varied in their social habits.

       Television may have effect in amplifying violence, society because it gives a sense that the world is a more place than it really is. Televisions tend to reduce the difference between reality and fantasy. Many television viewers w their time for futile shows. Even children spend reduced time their studies due to Television. They get their eye-c damaged. Programmes designed for adult people may Ii negative impact on children. Advertisements on television often exaggerated and false. Likewise, this mass communication means can be misused in favour of a political party contesting election or ruling high-handedly. Mostly televisions are be used as an instrument in the worldwide spread of the West culture and hegemony.

       In spite of these few drawbacks, television continues remain the most important form of mass communication in new century as well. It has become an unprecedented window the world. It is still a direct, personal and intimate means communication. Everything has darker side and there c chances of its misuse. How useful television can be also depends upon the faculty of users. Television should be used for the go of the viewers. Everyone should be selective of TV channels a programmes.

Technical Education

Technical Education

          Technical education is different from the education we iderstan4 in ordinary sense. It means teaching and learning about the use of machinery and methods from schools, colleges Technical institutes. In other words, it is a process of acquiring practical skills on various works. Technical education follows the sic or compulsory phase of education. But it is not detached completely from theoretical education. Vocational training is a simple example of technical education.

            Technical education is rather a modern form of education. It emerged with the development of industries, industries, transport and communication of the modern time. It vides both theoretical and practical knowledge in using instruments and machines. It imparts special mechanical knowledge and skills on various fields such as engineering, knowledge and agriculture. Technical education trains a person to industrious and innovative. It provides knowledge of technology. The knowledge obtained is thus practical and job-oriented. Technical education needs to be adjusted to the changes in technologies and new jobs available in markets.

            The modern world is the world of engines and machines. Technologies are always advancing. So, one should have knowledge on how they work and should be used. It is absolutely to produce technically skilled manpower for all-round development of every country. It is the only way to build up the economy of underdeveloped or developing countries. The scope of technical education is so extensive. Science mostly depends on technical minds. In fact, industrial revolution is based on technical innovations.

            The rapid success achieved by developed countries such as Japan, the USA and Germany is mostly due to their technical education. Nepal is backward because it lacks such education. We are depending on foreign technology and foreign technician. So, we have to pay a lot for services. Amenities here are poor] organized and distributed. Most of our vast resources are lea, unused. Our vast human resource is still so unproductive. There is mass unemployment even among highly educated people. Agriculture is our main economic activity but it is only subsistent activity. True industrialization has not started yet. Trade deficit is very high. The only way to face all these challenges is to prioritize and expand technical education.

            Technical education will make our human resource more instrumental in our social and economic development. Our resources wi4l be utilized and living standard will be raised. Even those going out for foreign employment will get better jobs. We will be able to revive our self-esteem. To sum up, technical education is essential for young minds to sustain in this competitive world. Education without technical application is not complete and worthy. This practical education is the need of all in the modern age. So the government has to adopt a strong policy of developing and expanding technical education.

Red Cross

Red Cross

          Red Cross is now the largest and probably the most active international humanitarian organization of the world. It known as Red Crescent in Muslim countries and Red Star Israel. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cross Societies (IFRCS) has more than 250 million member worldwide. Nepal is among the 176 countries which now have  their national Red Cross or Red Crescent societies. Internatio1 Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) made up of up to 25 S% citizens is the core organization.

            Red Cross was founded by a Swiss banker, Jean He1 ‘Dunant in 1863. But his idea of founding such organization ca in 1859 when, during his holiday in Italy, he witnessed an law battle at Solferino. Appalled by the scene of thousands soldiers killed or wounded in a single day in a complete lack of care, Dunant published a book and called for groups volunteers in every country. Responding to his call, 16 countries  for a conference at Geneva and formed the organization After a year in 1864, under the leadership of Red Cross, countries signed the Geneva Convention which is now a cod conduct for war for protecting wounded soldiers, Red Cr volunteers, prisoners of wars and civilian population. The same meeting adopted the white flag with a red cross. It is reversion of the Swiss flag which has white cross on background. Muslim countries have their modified white with crescent moon and Israel that with red star.

            Now Red Cross provides humanitarian service for victims of war as well as natural disasters. During wartime is offers aid to alleviate the sufferings of the victims such as wounded soldiers, non-army people and prisoners of war. It also provides emergency aid to the victims of natural disasters such as earthquake and flood. During peacetime, it renders service to improve the health of the general public. Blood bank management, ambulance service, mobile health camps, health training, tree plantation and sanitation are among the main functions of the Red Cross volunteers.

            Red Cross services have been proved exclusively, important both in wartime and in peacetime. It has played vital role in rescuing, treating and rehabilitating the victims of all major wars and disasters. Its recognizable emblem is worn by the volunteers administering emergency aids as in battlefield. It has got fervent recognition from the world community. The founder was awarded the first Nobel Prize for Peace in 1901. In addition, the ICRC has been awarded the prize three times so far.

Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) was established in 1953. Each district has its District Chapters (DCs). There are Nepal Junior Red Cross and Youth Red Cross for students and youths to be linked with the NRCS. It runs wide ranging projects in the management of the war and disaster victims as well as in raising the status of public health. It works together with many NGO’s, governmental departments and local people dedicated in health sector.

World War II

          The Treaty of Versailles that settled World War I did not treat the defeated nations fairly. The seeds of another war were sown in it because Germany in particular was vengeful for the harsh terms and it was vowed to compensate  its loss. The League of Nations, founded on the treaty for promoting world peace and security, was openly defined by Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan sooner and later. German dictator Adolph Hitler commanded promising support from the people hard hit by economic hardship and hurt by the discriminatory treaty. He developed Germany again as a war machine and started territorial aggressions. With Italy and Japan, Germany made a military alliance called Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. It was a great threat to the democratic countries such as Britain, France made a military alliance called Rome-Berlin-tokyo Axis. It was a great USA. In the Spanish Civil War Germany and Russia that supported the opposing parties could test their arms and war techniques. Germany was all inspired by the victory of the rebel leader General Franco backed by it. When Poland did not submit to its demand of Dazing area,  Germany started the lighting war 'blitzkrieg'  on 1 Sep 1939. After two days, Britain and France declared war on Germany. This was the beginning of the second Great War.

          Would II started between the Axis consisting of Germany, Japan and Italy and the Allies consisting of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. France joined the Allies on the very day. Later some forty-five other nations such as Brazil, Canada, India, Australia, Mexico, Iran and Egypt, etc. joined the Allies and six others namely Bulgaria, Hungary, Thailand, Finland and Albania joined the Axis. The war was more widespread and devastating than World War I.

          In the beginning years, Germany made continuous break thoughts. Along with Poland, it captured Norway Denmark, the Netherlands, France, Yugoslavia and Greece. It also attacked the British and Russian Forces ferociously.  By December 7, Japan attacked Hawaii and invited intensive attacks from the USA. By mid-1942 Japan had captured many southeast countries of Asia and almost all the Pacific Island. But the year 1942 was giving a different turn to the war. The Allies were able to so the Axis from occupying Africa, the Soviet Union, and the Pacific. They landed on Italy in 1943 and Italy surrendered. The Allied forces also reached the German capital of Berlin from the west and east forcing it to surrender on May 7, 1945. But in the Pacific, heavy battles were still on. In June the Americans captured Okinawa; still the Japanese would not surrender. Finally, the USA dropped two atom bombs, one on Hiroshima and August 6, 1945 and the other on Nagasaki after three days. The two great cities were compactly ruined. Then Japan agreed to surrender unconditionally on Aghast 14 and signed a peace agreement on September 2 the same year.

          The war caused unprecedented loss of life and property. The death toll might be much higher than the estimated 60 millions. The total cost of the war is inestimable. Industries and cities were heavily destroyed. But the war brought the colonial rule to its end. Many countries such as India got independence. The United Nations Organization, the new bt stronger form of the League of Nations come into existence. Some of the former colonies would be the responsibility of the UN Trusteeship Council. As another effect of the war, the systems of government as in Japan were changed. After the war, the major would conflict shifted to between the USSR and the USA. The conflict known as Cold War would prevail for another half centaury.               

World War I

World War I

          World War I, one of the most violent human conflicts, was fought between the Allies consisting of France, Russia and Great Britain the at backed Serbia, and the Central Powers consisting of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Later twenty other nations such as the United States, China, Italy and Japan joined the Allies and Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire jointed the Central Powers.

        The war was a result of a longtime hostility and tension throughout the European territories. Excessive nationalism developing among the Europeans made them to highly aggressive to their enemies. They made strong and rapid military build-ups, all 'for the glory and greatness of their nations.' For instance, Germany alone had 4.2 million soldiers in 1914. Besides their military build-ups at home, they made military alliances shaping hostility between each other. There was also cutthroat competition among the powerful nations for colonies mainly in Asia and Africa. The falling Ottoman Empire also provided for their races for territorial expansions. Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia Herzegovina from Serbia after the Second Balkan War of 1913.

        One June 28, 1914 Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Ferdinand, was shot dead in the Bosnian capitates of Sarajevo by Vavrilo Principle, a member of Black Hand Society instituted for Serbian unity. The victim's nation blamed Serbia for the assassination  and declared was on it. Russia started to fight Austria-Hungary, so Germany declared war on Russia and France German entry into Belgium also pulled Britain against   the Central Powers. The war was fought in four major areas in and around Europe. Trenches  were dug from North Sea to Swiss Alps in the western front where German troops fought heavily against the French and British in the beginning and finally against the American troops, too. The eastern front remained a site of Russo-German battles. There were also heavy battles in the Balkans and the Middle East.

        The war was fought awfully with deadly inventions. Use of machine guns, long-range artilleries, grenades, aero planes, armored tanks, submarines and poisonous gas caused  horrendous  casualties. Armies fought in dreadful conditions as that of muddy trenches against the barbed wire fence, advancing little through the no-man's land and retreating. Even the civilian population was not protected. The warring nations would make every possible effort for victory. Youths were massively recruited. As soldiers were killed and injured, more older and younger men had to be sent. Uniforms and arms had to be manufactured. Land was cultivated 'for victory' .    

        Germany had won many battles in European battlefronts by 1916. In 1917 Russian armies deserted the battlefields due to a revolution in their land. The United States joined the Allies in 1917 when German submarines began to sink the farmer's unarmed ships. With abundant support from the new partner, the Allies made the Central Powers surrender in autumn 1918. The war was officially ended by an armistice  signed in France on November 11. Germany withdrew immediately from all occupied territories and surrendered all major weapons. Later on the 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed with a proposal to institute the League of nations, the first international organization.       

      World War I was the first war of its kind. It caused appalling  loss of life and property. About 10 million solders were killed and 20 million people were  wounded. It lift millions of refugees.  Death of many soldiers caused dramatic low population growth and lack of manpower in the subsequent years. An estimated figure of 337 billion US $ was spent in the war. Borrowing and extra money printing brought  inflection.  The war changed the geopolitics of the world fever. New countries were formed and system of many government were killed and 20 million  people were wounded. It left millions of refugees. Death of many solders caused dramatic low population growth and lack of manpower in the subsequent years. An estimated figure of 337 billion US $ was spent in the wary. Borrowing and extra money printing brought inflection.  The war changed the geopolitics of the world forever. New counties were formed and systems of many governments were changed. Communists rose to power as in Russia. Women's activation forced by the war ultimately gained for the suffrage and other political rights in many countries.

         

Load Shedding

Load Shedding

      Power generators have limited capacities. When demand of electricity in a certain area exceeds its generation, the supply is to be cut temporarily as a method of reducing the demand on the generators. This temporary reduction in electricity supply is known as load shedding and less formally power cut. Peak load shedding hours are early evenings and mornings when most bulbs are lit and most home appliances are in use.

      Power is a very important daily need of modern life. Without it, life cannot run normally. Radios, TVs, computers, rice cookers and other home appliances don’t operate. With power cut, supply of drinking water, etc. is halted. Rooms cannot be heated or cooled. Records are lost and valuable machines break down when the power cut is sudden and uninformed. Nights sinks in complete darkness with no bulb illuminating. People with criminal motives are active in load shedding hours at night. Narrow passages and streets are very insecure. Road accidents go up. Electrically powered vehicles are halted. Schools and colleges cannot give their morning and evening classes particularly and students cannot do their homework either. Even emergency batteries cannot be full-charged in the time of long- hour load shedding. Shrinking entertainment and recreational opportunities force people to stay idle and bored.

      Regular load shedding has very serious impact in the overall economic activities of a country. Overall earning opportunities for the people are limited. Factory productions fall and markets shrink. Running cost of business corporations such as, cinemas, hotels and lodges rises enormously  as they e by generating power through diesel-fed generators.

As a result their business falls or the price increases. However, battery makes and traders make their good days. Even the sale of candles goes up.

      Despite its rich potential for hydropower, there is not enough power available in Nepal. Limited large-scale hydro- projects are based on snow-fed rivers or natural ponds collecting rainwater. Load shedding is growing with expanding cities and overambitious transmissions. Even in rainy seasons, our generators cannot produce enough to meet the demands. The are worse in dry winter when power is available for less one third of the day.

      It’s a real irony that Nepal with the potential of 83,000 MW of hydroelectricity has regular and long-hour load shedding. This is the  result of our irresponsible leadership which otherwise would have worked at least to meet the internal demand, if not for export. Now it is very urgent to make both short-term and  long-term efforts for eliminating load shedding. Immediate demands can be fulfilled only by importing power from neighbors. So consumers must be made aware about the need of minimizing the power consumption and its vital methods. Production should be raised in every possible way. At the same time must also look further ahead. Utilizing foreign aid, sole large-scale projects should be started immediately so that e needs will be fulfilled more easily. We should invite foreign investment in this sector, too and start small-scale with local efforts.

Nepal Tourism Year 2011

Nepal Tourism Year 2011

          Nepal is a country of wonderful natural and cultural combinations. Its natural environment remain quite less altered by modernization while its inhabitants are growingly hospitable. This diverse country has a huge potential for tourism chiefly for its challenging mountains and rivers, great variety of beautiful scenery, good varied climate, rich animal and plant life, interesting cultures and large unemployed workforce.

        Nepal is now one of the best tourist destinations in the world. It has been visited annually by a large number of tourists for more than a half century. Aspirants from round the globe choose this gifted country for various purposes that include mountain climbing, trekking, bird watching, mountain flight, rock climbing, paragliding, mountain biking, jungle safari and cultural observations, and environmental as well anthropological researches.

        Because tourism has enormous advantages and is now one of the major economic activities of the world, Nepal has embarrassed the policy of increasing both the number of the visitors and their average length of stay. In 1998, it observed ‘Visit Nepal Year’ with lofty aim of receiving a half million tourists in the year, which was almost fully hit. But the ongoing internal conflict thereafter caused a horrible decline in the tourist turnouts in the country. So need of a campaign for reviving the country’s tourist industry was strongly felt as the peace process started in 2006. In this direction, decision came from the first meeting of the Constitute Assembly on May 28, 2008 to celebrate ‘Nepal Tourism Year’ in 2011. It was officially initiated by the nation’s first President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav amidst a grand function held in  Kathmandu on 14 January 2011. The main target of the plan was to receive one million tourists in the year. In addition, the nation aimed at developing Nepal as a choice of premier holiday destination, improving and developing tourism related infrastructures, enhancing the capacity of service providers, building community capacity to host tourists and promoting the sustainability of domestic tourism.

        The campaign started with the slogan ‘Together for Tourism’ and the tourism brand ‘Naturally Nepal, Once is not enough’. For the success of the ambitious plan, the government adopted various strategies that include exploration of new potential tourism markets, focus on marketing and promotion of activities, expansion of domestic and international air links, encouragement of private sector in tourism, capacity building of manpower involved in tourism, development of tourism related infrastructures, organization of sports/events throughout the tourism year.

        However, the scheme that came during the transitional period could not naturally be carried out as smoothly as expected. Overall progress thus was quite meager. The country’s deplorable political instability had very serious effects on the execution of the programmes. Frequently reshuffled governments seemed almost indifferent. Even the ‘tourist hubs continued to witness frequent strikes and bandhs. Many of the set strategies could not actually be carried out. Publicity remained quite limited. General public could not be turned enthusiastic and hospitable. It was not surprising that the efforts made by business organizations were Insufficient. As a result, the non-Indian tourist arrivals by air in the first six months’ stood hardly at 2,25,000. This figure gives a clear indication to the ‘failure’ of the programme.

Nepal Tourism Year 2011 did have some important benefits and positive implications. Tourist arrivals rose ‘though less than targeted. It was an important step towards the revival of the country’s declining tourist industry. Several tourist areas were somehow conserved. Commitments for improvements were made by the government, public and private sector. Tourism-related events were organized in various places. Some communities made their good days through homestay, programmes. Above all, it gave a message to the visitors that Nepal is again becoming safe for visits. It also clarified the bare fact that only a programmme with enough preparations and effective implementation mechanism can help realize our  huge tourism potential.

Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

        In the past, a person's position was determined by might. Because men were more active in earning, fighting, running a business and so on, they commanded superior position in the society. Many of the world's cultures were patriarchal. They were necessarily founded on the ground of gender discrimination. So women played passive and subservient role in the family and society. Absence of women's participation in the public affair continued for centuries. They are denied voting rights and paternal property rights until 20^th century or even later.

        Now both perspectives and standards are becoming fairer. Muscle power alone cannot determine a person's position in our time, the age of justice and inclusion. The fact that women are not less capable than their male partners, at least in emotional and intellectual aspects, has been universally recognized. Women are no longer going to accept their inferior and submissive role either. They want to be much more than mere housewives and mothers.

        The world is also aware that development is not efficient and sustainable without women's predication. A family treating women as passive and subservient members is not likely to prosper  in the modern time Women must have autonomy over their destiny. They must be enabled to take decisions free from their destiny. They must be enabled to take decisions free from coercion and intimidation.  They must get equal treatment in workplace. Preference to son must end to control the existing high birth rates.

        Gender equality is thus one of the major concerns of our time. Democracies demand more active and effective role of women. They have policies to end gender discriminations at all levels. There are campaigns for the empowerment of women. As a result, in the recent past some remarkable changes have taken place, at least in the legal and political levels. Some women have enjoyed better treatment and participation in public affairs.

        Despite all this, gender discrimination remains an utter reality in practice. The situations are worse in developing countries like ours. It has been very difficult to implement legal managements and political commitments, The society is not free from cultural prejudices that tend to heavily curb women’s freedom. Reservations in parliament or civil service have been taken merely as generosity but not responsibility. Ordinary women suffer ill health, poor literacy and exclusion. Most highest posts in offices and business companies are held by men.

        Women empowerment is a step towards the final goal of gender equality. Reservation cannot be a golden measure for raising women’s status, We must rather work for making them capable in real sense. So women education must get priority. The educated women will be capable to compete with men so that they need no more mercy. It is equally important to rescue women from male-dominated cultures which maintain that women can never be equal to men. Role of enlightened individuals, political parties and media is vital in advocating gender equality. Children should be introduced to non-sexist culture from their early age. To sum up, the campaign against gender discrimination needs to continue for several years to come.

Drug Abuse

Drug Abuse

       Drug abuse refers to the deliberate use of an illegal drug for its psychotropic  purpose. It may also include too much use of a prescribed drug for the similar purpose. the state of being dependent on drugs is known as drug dependence for drug addiction. Once a person is addicted, it is quite difficult for him to get away. Drugs are taken in different forms - some are sniffed,  some are taken orally and others are taken  intravenously. Drug abuse is becoming a  menace  worldwide.

        Several circumstances lead people to start taking drugs. Youths, who are more curious but ignorant are most vulnerable. Many get pressure from their bad company. They are also urged by agents and distributors. Some have misconception that drugs remove all tension and lack of employment and recreational opportunities encourage  youths to taste drugs. As in our society, some people start taking some drugs such as ganja as a religious tradition. Likewise, many people are involved in the extraction and trafficking of drugs, through illegal, because they make high profit from these businesses. It is difficult to control the illegal drugs trade because the smugglers, who also run legal businesses and are rich enough to bribe police, use their own aircrafts and secret routes. In addition, the users have very intense demands and certain drugs are legal in certain countries.

        Drug abuse has serious impacts on individual, family and society. Drugs babbly deteriorate the health of the users who lose confidence in the future and have a realization of responsibilities. Instead, they feel guilty of not fulfilling duties or involving in criminal activities. They suffer from decreased ability and interest to work but are forced to generate money in every possible way. They also get isolated from their family and normal friend's drug taking, mainly intravenously, also leaves them vulnerable to HIV infection. On the other hand, the family gets no more support from drug takers. Instead, they have anxiety and tension. Most drug addicts are of working age. When they are indifferent to their duties, the country's economy may be badly affected. At the same time, many criminal activities are drugs induced and the addict's care and treatment are big problem and burden for all.

        In this modern age everyone has challenges to protect oneself from the dangers. We must know that drugs are never dietary substances and are by no means solution to our problem. They are great killers so everyone should always say 'no' to drugs even if we are lonely, frustrated or their intimate friends persuade.  Families, societies and countries  have important part to play. Farmers tending to cultivate crops such as hemp and poppy should be encouraged with subsidies  to cultivate food crops. Moe strict laws should be made and implemented effectively. Cross border movements should be strictly watched. Young people should be provided with recreational opportunities. The countries at large  should work jointly to control production, transpiration, distribution and  use of such poisons.